About Smoke
Artificial smoke is produced by heating a smoke fluid chemical above its boiling point within a heat exchanger. The fluid is then vaporised, and it is when the vapour exits the heat exchanger and mixes with the relatively colder atmosphere that rapid condensation of the vapour takes place, resulting in a visible smoke (or technically fog).
It is important that the vaporisation of the fluid within the heat exchanger is complete, otherwise the production of a 'wet' smoke, or a smoke with a very large particle size will result.
Conversely, it is important that the heat exchanger through which the smoke fluid is passed is not operating at too high a temperature, otherwise unpleasant and potentially hazardous pyrolysis products will be formed.
Depending on the type of smoke fluid being vaporised it may be necessary to use an inert propellant gas as a “carrier” for the fluid as it is heated within the heat exchanger.
Concept's machined range of heat exchangers produce a smoke or fog effect with a particle size an order of magnitude less than conventional smoke systems, giving significant benefits in terms of smoke concentrations required to achieve obscuration targets, health and safety, flammability and settling velocities of the resulting fog.
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East Sussex County Council
"I was very impressed with the smoke generators provided by Concept Engineering and feel they could be confidently recommended at our group meetings to other tunnel operators who may be contemplating an emergency exercise.
The reaction of the tunnel environmental control system visibility sensors to the smoke was excellent, not only did the fans cut in but the volume of smoke was such that it immediately tripped a high level alarm which additionally sends a signal in the form of a general alarm to the Sussex Police Headquarters. Had the smoke been generated by a real incident the alarm would have alerted the Police to the problem in the tunnel probably before a call was made from a tunnel emergency phone."
After Operation Orpheus - Dartford Tunnel